Evaluation Of A Business World Customer - 874 Words

1.) Diligence has two behaviors that are services which are responsiveness and reliability. In our competitive business world our salespeople provide service in timely manner. Services that show responsiveness and reliability a salesperson has follow-up commitments by returning phone calls, getting customers’ requests done properly on time and being available for customers. A trend that customers rely on needs, concerns and plans for the future. 2.) Information communication is getting the information to the customer in a clear and decent manner. Using communication is a huge part of the sales process. Making comparisons of your product and your competitor with the customer making the decision of what product is best for them. 3.) Inducements would be a service that is prà ©cised with having a personal relationship with the customer. 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The Vaccine Of Autism Connection - 1614 Words

The Vaccine to Autism Connection It is amazing how much Americans trust doctors and more shocking, vaccines. Vaccines are injections we receive from the moment we are born and throughout our lives that are meant to keep our bodies from contracting various. A baby born in a hospital today can be given up to six shots before the mother is even in a place where she can conciously tell the doctor whether she is okay with that or not. It can take years to become aware of, but the early exposure to the unnatural substances that make up vaccines can lead to a disorder called autism. While many Americans view vaccines positively for their adequate ability to prevent illness, the rise of autism in the nation and its link to vaccines is reason enough to try to change our tactics for trying to stay healthy. Autism is a developmental disorder with symptoms including defects in coordination and motor skills, visual disturbances, and immune suppression. 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Occupational Health and Safety in Agriculture-Samples for Students

Question: Discuss about the Occupational health and safety in agriculture. Answer: Introduction: Close to 42.22% of the total land of New Zealand can be attributed to agricultural land; hence inevitably, a large considerable workforce of the nation can be attributed to the farmers. However, it has to be mentioned that the importance of the agricultural workforce contribute a significant to the total GDP of the nation and hence there is need for this workforce to be safe and functional. It has to be mentioned in this context that there are various occupational health and safety risks that are prevalent in the agricultural sector, and a vast majority of them are fatal accidents leading to various critical and life threatening injuries (Van den Broucke Colmont, 2011). Hence, it has to be mentioned in this context that agriculture has significant risks to health and safety of the workforce employed in this field. Now, occupational health and safety has acknowledged the agricultural industry to be one of the most hazardous occupational sectors. According to the recent report, a large number of agricultural workers have to suffer from different occupational accidents and ill health every year. It has to be mentioned that agricultural sectors provides the most of the basic necessities of life, hence the demands of the agriculture industry is also extremely high as well (Asfaw, Pana-Cryan Rosa, 2011). Hence close to a billion workers are employed in the agricultural sector worldwide, contributing to more than one third of the entire labour force of the world. Although, it has to be mentioned in this context as well, that this occupational sector also accounts for more than 70% of the entire child labour of the world. With the agricultural sector being one of the most hazardous one, the risk for fatal accidents are even higher for the children associated with this workforce (Fathallah, 2010). This assignment will attempt to research and explore the risk of fatal accidents in the agricultural sectors and the occupational health and safety risk of the agricultural workforce, and would like to conclude with a set of occupational health and safety recommendations to minimize the accident risks with respect to the New Zealand demographics. Identify OHS: Accidents in agricultural industry: Among all the economic sectors, agriculture is one of the most hazardous of all. With the higher rates of injuries, accidental deaths, and work-related diseases or illness, the agriculture sector is the most unsafe sector to work in. The sector places the workers at potential risks of work-related accidents and musculoskeletal disorders. Working with trunk bendings, lifting and carrying heavy loads, risking from trips or falls at uneven walkways, vibrations from farm vehicles and chainsaws are some of the main hazards that result in higher risks of accidents in the agricultural sector (Botha et al., 2014).The importance of agriculture is immense due to its contribution to the social, political, cultural and economic sector of the world. Hence, improving health and safety at the agricultural workplace is essential. According to the occupational health and safety act, each and every worker in the workplace is subject to mental, social and physical wellbeing. The safety and health of Ag ricultural convention 2001(No. 184) and ILO recommendation provides further guidance on appropriate strategies to improve and meet the OSH accidental risks that are common in the agriculture sector (Neal, 2017).Some of the major forms of accidents in the agricultural sectors of New Zealand are Tracker accidents, Quad bike accidents and accidents by All-terrain vehicles. The below figure explains the rate of accidents in different sectors of employment in New Zealand from 2011 to 2017.The indigo blue line explains the highest rate of workplace-related accidents in the agricultural sector due to Quad bikes. Figure: 1 Source: (Klingelschmidt et al., 2018) According to the WorkSafe data, the deadliest industry of New Zealand is the agricultural industry (Schweder et al.,2015).With a high number of death rates in the past six years, the agricultural industry of New Zealand is the most threatening and risky industry. The causes of the fatalities have been increasing throughout and questioning the OSH norms in the agricultural sector. Figure: 2 Source: (Anderson Tipples, 2014) The above figure is an example of the increased number of death caused due to quad bike accidents on various agricultural farms of New Zealand. Exposure to hazardous chemicals and heavy machineries constitute one of the main risk in the occupation at this sector. Accidents in this sector affects the working environment and the personal lives of the victims. The cost of accidents in the agriculture sector are associated with high rates of injuries and workplace related ill health (Lilley,Lower Davie, 2017).The accidents have negative effects on the workplace environment and on the production of the agricultural farms. Some of the major hazards in agricultural farm of New Zealand are transmissible animal disease, exposure to toxic and hazardous chemicals, pesticides, fertilizers and ergonomic hazards in the agricultural farm. The OSH problem of workplace accidents in the agricultural farms of New Zealand has been chosen in this paper since it is one of the most neglected sectors of employment in the nation. Most of the agricultural farm employ people from rural areas, child, and old aged people are more prone to fatal accidents in the farm due to higher working hours, exposure to hazardous and dangerous conditions and risky work levels. Illiteracy and poverty are the main causes people join agricultural farms. Besides, this sector of New Zealand is the largest sector for female employment. The OSH standards that have been affecting the women employers have been neglected and underestimated throughout these years (Anderson Tipples, 2014). This paper thus takes into consideration all the valid factors and dimensions of OSH in agriculture that needs to be improved for the wellbeing of the workers. Review of literature: A review of literature can be defined as the potent tool that helps in conducting a systematic and scientific exploration of the ideas and concepts already published in authentic and relevant journals to arrive at a clear understanding of the different external and internal factors associated with the scenario. For this study, the chosen occupational health issue had been the fatal accidents in the agricultural sectors, hence the literature review will attempt to discover the different fatal accident rates of the agricultural sector, the contributing factors behind the fatal accidents, and the general idea in the sector behind the impact of fatal accidents and need for a occupational health and safety policy or program among the different stakeholders. Fatal accidents of the agricultural sector: Farmers are considered to be a relatively small proportion of the total labour force in many nations however, it has to be mentioned that agricultural still ranks fairly high in the list of occupational injury rates among the other occupational sectors. The health hazard of this occupational sector is not limited to the accidents or injuries only; there are other health and disease risks for the agricultural workers as well. According to Jadhav et al. (2015), the injury rates among this sector are extremely high, and the injuries due to the accidents are the most important cause behind the mortality risk among the farmers across the world as well. As mentioned by Jadhav et al. (2015), considering the global rates, it can be mentioned in this context that fatal injury rates in the agricultural sector varied from 11.5 to 30.6 per 100000 agricultural workers across different nations and similarly non fatal injury rates in the agricultural rates ranges from 3.5 to 16 injuries per 100 wor kers annually. Hence it can be mentioned that the risk for the fatal injuries are far higher in case of the agricultural injuries as well (Akdur et al., 2010). Exploring the different types of injuries that are associated with the agricultural health and safety, it can be mentioned that the most notable injuries are associated with vehicle operations and heavy machinery. According to Shulruf Balemi (2010), the most of the agricultural accidents are associated with the all terrain vehicle operations. As per the data identified in the article, the use of all terrain vehicles has been very prominent in agriculture since the last few decades. Undoubtedly, the contribution of the all terrain vehicles is extreme in case of the agricultural productivity and performance undoubtedly, however, the fact cannot be ignored that the use of these vehicles are the cause of the majority of the agricultural accidents. The article has discussed that this particular vehicle accidents are the case of a high percentage of fatality and mortality among the agricultural workers. As highlighted in the article, ever since the introduction of the all terrain vehicles in the agricultural sector is extremely high in case of the New Zealand demographics. The incidence rate of the all terrain vehicle related incidents have been very high at 8% to 19% of the total number of agricultural fatal accidents. Along with those ATV injuries, driving Quad bikes have also been discovered as one of the greatest reasons behind the fatal accident rates among the agricultural workforce as well (Leigh, Du McCurdy, 2014). Quad bikes or the all terrain vehicles have been discovered as one of the greatest contributing factors in several other research studies as well. It has to be mentioned that according to Milosavljevic et al. (2011), the quad bikes or the all terrain vehicles are the most widely used agricultural equipment used in the agricultural industry of the New Zealand as well. This particular equipment is highly advantageous for livestock farming and many other essential farming operations as well. According to Nilsson, Pinzke and Lundqvist (2010), the use of this particular equipment is in checking stock, mustering, feeding out, personal transport and for carriage and towing activities. However, as defined by Milosavljevic et al. (2011), quad bike loss of control events can be considered for the most frequent and most major cause of fatality and death in agricultural context. Comparison of the data on quad bike accidents reveal that while Australia had 51 deaths recorded within the last few c ouples of years due to quad bike loss of control, New Zealand had 45 deaths. Along with that, according to the survey reports, there had been close to 1500 new accident cases being reported in the New Zealand territory due to all terrain vehicle accidents (Milosavljevic et al., 2011). Another source of fatal accidents in the agricultural sector had been the operation of the heavy machinery. According to Kolstrup, 2012, many lower back injuries have been reported by the agricultural workforce have been due to heavy machinery lifting and livestock bearing with any personal protection. Although, as per the research, the frequency or magnitude of the fatal accidents is far more severe in case of the all terrain vehicle accidents (Canton Williams, 2012) Contributing factors behind the fatal accidents: In order to identify the occupational health and safety risks in the agricultural sector, especially for the fatal accidents, the contributing factors leading of the occurrence of the fatal accidents is required to be explored. First and foremost, it has to be mentioned here that the most of the fatal accidents that occur in the agricultural fields are contributed by the vehicles like the all terrain vehicles or quad bikes. The contributing factor behind the quad bikes accidents is many. According to Milosavljevic et al. (2011), quad bikes can be considered very inherently unstable equipment in general and the agronomical design of the equipment is the main reason behind the high rates of fatal accidents that it is associated with. As per Karttunen and Rautiainen (2013), the narrow wheel base of the vehicle and high centre of gravity makes the equipment very easy to be tipped over on steep, rough or even uneven terrains. High velocity and vibration exposure have also been discovered as the contributing factor behind the high rate of the accidents associated with the quad bike accidents. However, Robert, Elisabeth and Josef (2015), have argued that steep terrain and striking with another object has been discovered as highly relevant causes behind the high rates of all terrain vehicle accidents, however the agronomical design of the vehicle and the combination of increased speed and vibration while driving the vehicle has also been discovered as the important reasons behind the incidence rate of the injuries. One the other hand, the article by the Tangermann (2011), in their research have discovered another impactful contributing factor behind the occupational health and safety risk associated with operating this agricultural equipments. In this article lack of training of operating these vehicles has been discussed. On a more elaborative note, it has to be mentioned that al terrain vehicles are undoubtedly an innovative introduction to the agricultural fields fo r the benefit of easing the procedure of different agricultural tasks; it has to be acknowledged that operation of this complex vehicles successful and safely can be a challenge for the rural farmers. The technological challenges of the older farmers belonging to the rural areas have been acknowledged in the literature before and the technological inadequacy leads to not being able to operate the al terrain vehicles as well to some extent. According to the Hosseini et al. (2011), however, all terrain vehicle sellers issue a free of cost training for the farmers to attend to learn to operate the vehicle with safety. Although, it has to be mentioned that the likelihood of the individuals to enrol themselves into the training program is less than even 4% . It can be concluded from this context that the lack of willingness of the agricultural workforce of the concerned demographics to attend the training programs are indicating of the alarming lack of literacy and awareness regarding the occupational health and safety risk among the agricultural workforce. Awareness among the agricultural workforce: As discussed above, the agricultural workforce has a few different health risks and among them the fatal accidents are the most impactful. As per the research conducted it has been discovered that the fatal accidents in case of the New Zealand demographics, the most notable accident cause has been discovered the all terrain vehicles or the quad bikes. Now as discovered in the article by Hosseini et al. (2011), the authors had discussed that the level of awareness among the agricultural workforce regarding the occupational health safety can be associated with the alarming lack of willingness to attend the al terrain vehicle terrain. There is a significant lack of awareness and understanding among the farmers regarding the occupational health and safety. Along with that there is a significant lack of awareness and understanding regarding the occupational health and safety risks in the agriculture and the requirements of protective measures regarding the risky vehicles like the quad bik es. According to the Wood, Duijff and Christey (2013), it had to be mentioned that the highest lack of awareness of literacy regarding the occupational health and safety is most frequently observed in the older framers. Along with that, the child labour associated with the agriculture in these regions is also associated with the lack of awareness and understanding. This leads directly to the increased number of accidents and fatal injuries in the agricultural sectors, in both developing and developed nations. According to the study by Tipples et al. (2013), it can be mentioned that in the New Zealand demographics there is a highly strict and rigid stance of the farmers regarding the occupational health and safety issues and guidelines. There can be a few contributing factor behind this; first and foremost, it has to be mentioned that the farmers are disadvantaged by the socio-economic isolation and their occupational status from the rest of the mainstream society. Along with that, their remoteness from the enforcement of labour standards contributes effectively to the generation of a rather reluctantly compliant agricultural workforce in New Zealand. Along with that, it has to be mentioned that the lack of knowledge regarding the mainstream technologies and safety benefits of the OHS protocols can also be a cause to their apparent noncompliance as well. Although the data from the articles point at the attitude of the farmers and agricultural work force of New Zealand and the surrounding areas, the scenario is very similar in the rest of the globe as well (Pawlak Nowakowicz-D?bek, 2015). Overall, the extensive research discovered many key factors behind the fatal injuries in the agricultural sector. The articles selected in the literature review had been effective in discovering the key fatal accident issue in the agricultural issue, the all terrain vehicle accidents that caused a large chunk of the injuries and hospitalization episodes among the agricultural workforce of New Zealand. The articles have provided relevant information regarding the risks to occupational health and safety due to the agronomic design of the vehicle, physical factors pertaining to the terrain and the farmer, and the awareness and knowledge among the farmers. This helped us identify the challenges behind the health and safety risk behind the accidents caused by the quad bikes. However, it also has to be mentioned in this context that there are a few research gaps left behind that is needed to be addressed by further studies in this sector. First and foremost, there is lack of information av ailable on the literature previously published regarding the impact of heavy weight lifting o the physiology of the farmers and whether it enhances the risk of fatal injuries among the farmers. Along with that, the impact of age and physiology on the accident proneness has also not been discussed in the articles. Although, there is information available regarding the lack of awareness the information is limited and lacks in depth research of different confounders. Lastly, the impact of educational literacy and health literacy in general on the occupational health and safety awareness and compliance of the agricultural workforce also have not been researched in the past either. Hence, there is need for further studies focusing on the above mentioned sectors to gain a better understanding of the root cause of quad bike related fatal accidents in the farming and how it can be reduced with awareness and compliance to targeted occupational health and safety guidelines (Pollock, Fragar G riffith, 2014). Recommendations Agricultural workers are exposed to various physical hazards in the farming jobs. Agriculture sector ranks among the most threatening industries in the employment sector of New Zealand. The use of All-Terrain vehicles in the industry has been one of the major cause of the fatal accidents in the agricultural industry of New Zealand. Researchers have found that most of the employers in the agricultural sector do not have basic knowledge on how to operate all-terrain vehicles (Lilley,Lower Davie, 2017).The quad bikes are the most commonly used vehicles in the sector. These bikes are unstable, narrow wheel based and are more likely to trip over and cause accidents. Hence, it is recommended that the quad bikes are developed with safety norms since the light weight of the bikes causes the rider to fall down during the ride. Besides, the employers of the agricultural farm should be given prior training to ride these all-terrain vehicles before they use in work purpose to avoid further acci dental injuries and deaths (Hunt et al., 2014). Some of the other safety interventions that need to be considered and implemented in the agricultural sector of New Zealand are awareness programs and system, governmental interventions to make the workers aware about the importance of wellness in the workplace. Using riding equipment like helmets and proper seat belts are the main factors of the awareness program (Botha et al., 2014).Since most of the employer in the sector comes from the rural background and are illiterate; they have little or zero knowledge about the working procedure and operations of the sector. Measures should be taken to train and impart essential knowledge to them so that they can work effectively in the workplace (Olsen Hasle, 2015).The agricultural sector of New Zealand has been one of the most neglected sectors of employment till decade. Occupational safety and health hazard regulations should be implemented effectively in the sector for the wellness of the workers. The government of New Zealand should also introduce the distribution of aids for the affected personnel and his or her family in case of extreme health hazard or death (Hunt et al., 2014). Rising awareness, assessing compliance and the enforcement of minimum standards of OSH is very costly in the agriculture sector due to the economic downturn in New Zealand. The employers in the agricultural sector deserve a quality of life where they face long working hours, exposure to high risks and pressure. Hence considerable efforts should be taken and effective measures should be implemented for addressing the increased level of accidents in the agricultural sector of New Zealand. Conclusion: On a concluding note, it can be mentioned that among all the other occupational health and safety risks associated with agricultural sector, Quad bikes pose the maximum risk; especially in the New Zealand demographics. Among the other contributing factors, the lack of occupational health and safety understanding is the most important factor behind the high incidence rate of the vehicle accidents. Hence, there is need for more emphasis on enhancing the occupational health and safety understanding of the agricultural workforce to reducing the frequency of the accidents. References: Akdur, O., Ozkan, S., Durukan, P., Avsarogullari, L., Koyuncu, M., Ikizceli, I. (2010). Machine-related farm injuries in Turkey.Annals of agricultural and environmental medicine,17(1), 59-63. Anderson, D., Tipples, R. (2014). Are vulnerable workers really protected in New Zealand?.New Zealand Journal of Employment Relations (Online),39(1), 52. Asfaw, A., Pana-Cryan, R., Rosa, R. (2011). The business cycle and the incidence of workplace injuries: Evidence from the USA.Journal of safety research,42(1), 1-8. Botha, N., Klerkx, L., Small, B., Turner, J. A. (2014). Lessons on transdisciplinary research in a co-innovation programme in the New Zealand agricultural sector.Outlook on AGRICULTURE,43(3), 219-223. Canton, K., Williams, W. (2012). The consequences of noise-induced hearing loss on dairy farm communities in New Zealand.Journal of agromedicine,17(4), 354-363. Fathallah, F. A. (2010). Musculoskeletal disorders in labor-intensive agriculture.Applied ergonomics,41(6), 738-743. Hosseini, M. H., Ramazani, A. A., Tavasolian, H., Mohsenzadeh, M. A., Maleki, S., Samimi, K. (2011). Survey of knowledge and attitude of farmers of Southern Khorasan province regarding agriculture related OHS issues in 2008.Iran Occupational Health,8(1), 24-29. Hunt, W., Birch, C., Vanclay, F., Coutts, J. (2014). Recommendations arising from an analysis of changes to the Australian agricultural research, development and extension system.Food Policy,44, 129-141. Jadhav, R., Achutan, C., Haynatzki, G., Rajaram, S., Rautiainen, R. (2015). Risk factors for agricultural injury: a systematic review and meta-analysis.Journal of agromedicine,20(4), 434-449. Karttunen, J. P., Rautiainen, R. H. (2013). Occupational injury and disease incidence and risk factors in Finnish agriculture based on 5-year insurance records.Journal of agromedicine,18(1), 50-64. Klingelschmidt, J., Milner, A., Khireddine-Medouni, I., Witt, K., Alexopoulos, E. C., Toivanen, S., ... Niedhammer, I. (2018). Suicide among agricultural, forestry, and fishery workers: a systematic literature review and meta-analysis.Scandinavian journal of work, environment health,44(1), 3-15. Kolstrup, C. L. (2012). Work-related musculoskeletal discomfort of dairy farmers and employed workers.Journal of occupational medicine and toxicology,7(1), 23. Leigh, J. P., Du, J., McCurdy, S. A. (2014). An estimate of the US government's undercount of nonfatal occupational injuries and illnesses in agriculture.Annals of epidemiology,24(4), 254-259. Lilley, R., Lower, T., Davie, G. 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Sport in Nigeria Essay Example

Sport in Nigeria Essay At the tenth Nigerian University Games in 1984, 257 athletes from 17 of the 24 Nigerian universities were interviewed to determine their perception and rating of the problems influencing the development of sport at Nigerian universities. Thus, many problems of university athletes, especially concerning the administration, academic education, training programs and the lack of material and human resources, were reported. As a result of this study 14 recommendations are listed to improve university athletics and, by doing so, sport in general in Nigeria. Thus, they demand an improvement of physical education in secondary schools, the establishment of departments of physical education at all universities and better facilities and more frequent competitions for university athletes. †¢ CiteULike †¢ Complore †¢ Connotea †¢ Del. icio. us †¢ Digg †¢ Reddit †¢ Technorati †¢ Twitter Whats this? Introduction/Rationale Sport is made for the people and vice versa. In fact sport has been described as the opium of the people, as it can make them forget their worries, problems and sorrows as well as forgive their enemies. No wonder then that many governments all over the world have usually utilized sport as a means of unifying the populace during times of strive, rebellion or uprising. Sport can also be used to galvanize the populace to support policies and legislations that would have ordinarily been rejected. Multi-ethnic societies where their constituent ethnic groups are always at daggers drawn with each other can also employ sport, as a means of inculcating cooperation, friendship and good neighbourliness in their citizens. We will write a custom essay sample on Sport in Nigeria specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Sport in Nigeria specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Sport in Nigeria specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer All the abovementioned, are possible because sport is perhaps the most potent social integration force available to individuals, institutions, governments etc. ‘Citus, Altius, Fortius’, meaning ‘Faster, Higher, Stronger’ – the motto of the Olympic Games ably describes why sportsmen/women from most nations of the world gather every leap year to contest in various sports of the Games. The contest is usually very dramatic and keen, and it is the wish of every nation to win some laurels during the Games. Towards this end, no stone is usually left unturned because, sports, especially on the international competitive front has gone beyond mere competition between individuals or groups of individuals representing their nations. The nations now take part in competitions to win and, a lot of money, energy and strategy go in to ensure victory. This is because sport has become a powerful and veritable political tool. It is therefore not surprising that nowadays one of the greatest and fastest springboards by which nations or individuals can achieve world eminence is through active, purposeful and result-oriented participation in sport at the international level. Developing nations of the world without the pecuniary, manpower and armaments’ prowess of super powers have always managed to use sport to raise their ‘tiny’ voices when important points are made or sought in the intricate and ever becoming sophisticated political arena. Take for example Nigeria; she spearheaded the dismantling of apartheid in Zimbabwe and South-Africa. Probably the most powerful weapon used by Nigeria and her allies, was sport. The boycott of International Games like the 1978 Commonwealth Games in Edmonton and the 1976 Olympic Games in Canada championed by Nigeria, went a long way in breaking the backbone of ‘apartheid’ policies as well as ‘unilateral declaration of independence’. Individuals have also used sport to limelight societal problems or gain political despotism. The â€Å"Black power Salute† of the Mexico 1968 Olympics readily comes o mind. On the local scene in Nigeria, the likes of Late Chief M. K. O. Abiola, Chief Jim Nwobodo (former Team Manager of the Rangers International Football Club of Enugu), Chief Samuel Ogbemudia (the sporting-Governor of the Old Midwest State), Senator Osakwe (proprietor of the former Flash Flamengoes Football Club of Benin City) etc. are examples of individual s who have successfully utilize sport to gain political prominence and, power. Political voice aside, sports is now big business, a multi-billion â€Å"U. S. A. dollar† one, especially the professional sports. Individuals get rich and become comfortable for life through sports’ participation. Industries now churn out memorabilia (tee-shirts, face caps and other sportswear) in thousands for sale to fans. We must also not forget the manufacture of sports equipment and supplies, which on their own are money-spinners for their manufacturers. Sport also provides means of livelihood to the following categories of individuals: coaches, managers, grounds-men, administrators and secretarial workers, doctors, nurses, physiotherapists, nutritionists, factory workers, journalists etc. Sport, therefore, supports quite a numerous numbers of individuals all over the world. Suffice it to mention that some nations especially in the third world realize a substantial part of their GNP from a few sport practitioners! In Nigeria today, the economic gains that our ‘sport exports’ (Nigerians playing professional sport abroad) have brought into the country cannot be easily quantified. Apart from these professionals directly supporting their parents/siblings/extended families/friends financially, some of them have set up businesses, which employ some Nigerians. Professional sports in Nigeria though in its rudimentary stage, can also boast of contributing to Nigeria’s economy through the employment of both athletes, coaches and, support staffs. Other related commercial/business concerns include tourism industry, hospitality industry, soft-drinks manufacture etc. Sports could also be seen as entertainment; in this regard, it is also a big money earner, with spectators, the media, and sales of memorabilia being major sources of income. A healthy mind they say, resides in a healthy body. This saying aptly captures the relationship between active participation in sports (even for leisure sake only) and, staying healthy. Any Nation, whose citizens engage in sporting activities to stay fit, can always be sure that her citizens will generally be healthy. This translates into less governmental expenditure on health care, especially prevention and treatment of behavioural pathogen induced illnesses such as Cardiovascular Heart Diseases of all types (CHD). Also, productivity across all spheres of human endeavours will be enhanced, with less and less individuals staying off work due to illness. Another benefit derivable from participation in sport is education of the mind. Sports build character. It is therefore not surprising that sports inculcate in practitioners such qualities as cooperativeness, resilience, nationalism, discipline, friendship, fair-play etc: usually, sports are played with strict guiding rules and OGRP Main Report 17-3 Health regulations; with other individuals either as co-actors or adversaries; and also, sport is an avenue to burn off excess energy and keep youths away from mischief. From the above brief description of some benefits derivable from sports, one can easily see that sports is big, it is borderless and therefore, should not be taken lightly. Where Are We Now? The problems associated with sports in our State (as well as other states of Nigeria) will serve to highlight our present position with regards to sport and sport development. The following are those problems: (i) Sport is currently separated from other areas without seeing the relationship or link between these other areas and sport. These areas include Health, Education, Tourism and the Hospitality Industry etc. Sport can complement all the areas, it can also stimulate and generate development and so doing, move these areas forward faster and further. (ii) There is a lack of appreciation of what sport can concretely contribute to the society. It is therefore perceived as recreation (which is just a part of sport). This has resulted in the lack of specific programmes/policies to guide sports development/promotion. Serious attention is usually not paid to sport, thereby relegating it to mere mentioning when policies on the Economy, Education, Health etc. are formulated. iii) Lack of adequate funds to promote sports and recreation. The little funds available are usually not judiciously spent because of lack of specific policy on sport. The state has very little funds to spend on many ministries and parastatals (and some of these institutions occupy higher positions than sports in the pecking order). This paucity of funds means that there are no adequate facilities, equipments and infrastructure s in both the society at large and in our schools too. (iv) It can be said that sport has been de-emphasized in schools. Perhaps this neglect of sports in schools has led or contributed to (a) a decline in the state’s performance at National and International competitions: (b) moral decadence in schools. No education is complete without sports. In fact we short-change ourselves when our children go to school and do not have the opportunity to take part in sports thereby being denied of all the abovementioned character-building benefits from sports’ participation. Where Do We Go From Here? There is the need for a policy on sport and recreation. Such a policy must take care of the following: 1. Ensuring first and foremost that sport is not isolated. Its link with other significant vital areas such as Health, Education, Hospitality Industry, Tourism, Culture etc. must be emphasized. 2. Popularizing sport and recreation at the grass root level. Schools (both primary and secondary) must be seen as existing vehicles for such a development and therefore, must be concentrated upon. 3. Provision of playing grounds and other not-too-expensive sports’ equipment in each school (or, where this is impossible, jointly-owned and used facilities, can be put in place) 4. Provision of equipment for training at the grassroots. This can be supported with the help of artisans (welders, fabricators, architects etc) who will put in place creative and ingenious projects to provide basic training equipment, fabricated from local materials (sometimes disused objects like tyres, engine parts etc. ) This can even generate self-employment for these artisans. 5. Motivating individuals at different tiers of the society to participate in sport by enticing them with incentives in the first place. A classical example is the provision of footballs (an incentive) to each school: one can bet that such balls will be kicked around. If the kicking around requires clearing a space and using it as a pitch, it will most likely be done etc.!!! 6. Creating an event(s) within the State and getting everybody within the state to participate. If necessary inter-primary school sports in all Local Government Areas (LGAs) can be started, inter- LGA games also etc. LGAs can even be zoned into a manageable number (4–8 say) and, such competition therefore becomes inter-zonal. Such a sporting event will generate activities across the state, as mentioned above under facilities, infrastructures etc. 7. Bidding to host National and International Sporting Competitions. The bigger the event, the more the prospect of feasible rewards. For example, hosting the National Sports Festival and, linking it with other development areas such as Health, Utilities, Facilities, Tourism etc. OGRP Main Report 17-5 Health 8. Bringing in consultants where applicable to plan, source and ensure adequate corporate sponsorship for sport projects because the government cannot do it alone. Such consultancy projects will also include ensuring that the state government gets adequate publicity and mileage derivable from such etc. 9. Creating employment opportunities for youths coming out of school: e. . in the conceptualization/design of training equipment (cheap and functional items for training at grass root level). Also, employment as training officers/ administrators grounds men etc. 10. Looking at the possibility of sports as an industry e. g. – creating sport/tourism centers (currently the Obasanjo Farms Complex is used as a camping site for many National teams) . Such centers could be developed to include cheap and comfortable accommodation facilities (boarding and lodging). The manufacturing of non-technical equipment from local raw materials e. g. batons, bats, clothing etc. 11. Concentrating on sports where the state has the talent, interest and could also be started and are inexpensive to operate. The fun and joy that comes with participation will entice many and from there, some talents can be discovered and later groomed for stardom. Conclusion The state has produced notable personalities in sports both athletes and administrators. Natural talents waiting to be harnessed and developed abound. It is only the incentive to participate that is needed and this can be ensured by spending the meagre resources allocated to sports judiciously in providing facilities and amenities at the grassroots. Sports is too big a motivator and energizer of development to be ignored. Abstract Facilities are very central to meaningful sports participation whether in School sports, amateur, recreational or competitive status. They are as important to the athletes as the laboratories are to the scientists. Without facilities sports cannot take place. This does not however imply that sports facility is the only variable that is necessary for sports participation; others such as equipment, supplies, finance to mention a few are indispensable complements to sports facilities. Having said this, the availability, adequacy, standard, funding, maintenance, supervision, safety, location and accessibility of sports facilities deserve adequate attention for sports facilities to contribute to excellence in sports participation. The thrust of this paper therefore is to discuss the problems sports facilities pose to school sports in Nigeria with the aim of drawing attention of the government to finding solutions to the identified lapses of sports facilities in school sports. It should be obvious to everyone who recognizes sports as a vital instrument of nation building that sports in Nigeria today is running on low current with declining fortunes. This was a high voltage sector whose contributions to nation building through sterling performances of our youths, made everyone proud, but not any more. In recent times, the downturn of sports in Nigeria has been signposted by our poor showing in Berlin-World Athletics championship and poor run in Football World Cup qualifiers, among others. Nigerian sports should fall no more. It is now time to pull our sports in the upward direction. To achieve this goal, all institutions connected to Sports must work towards eliciting quality performances at the world stage. Quality performances at the world stage can be achieved by a reinforcement of the domestic input of institutions that impact on sports. It is the low interface of these institutions that has largely brought sports in Nigeria to its knees. The institutions under reference are: 1. Government at all levels (Executive arm) 2. Sports Agencies 3. Educational Institutions 4. Legislative arms of government . Private sector Institutions 6. Mass Media. It is my belief that the hisses and tears we experience at home and abroad due to poor performances of our athletes and the consequent unfulfilled expectations can disappear if these institutions complimentarily pull together in the productive management of sports in Nigeria. Are we looking sincerely for the solutions to the problems of low and unbefitting perfo rmances of Nigerian athletes? We should not look into the sky in despair. The solution is domiciled in the listed institutions. So, what do we now do? First, it has to be well understood that Governments at all levels constitute the guarantor for sports development as in the other sectors of nation building. Introspectively therefore, are Nigerian Governments at all levels squaring up combatively to lift up sports? Are government agencies established for Sports development, coping effectively? Do Governments at all levels make the kind of budgetary provisions that a giant of Africa would need to lift and inspire youths to go for Gold in World competitions? Have governments at all levels professionalized Sports management? In some government sports agencies you still find officers without sports professional education and training serving as Heads of Sports departments. So how do such people effectively run programmes and make decisions that can productively impact sports in terms of performance. The legislative arm of Government is also a source of problem. For example, the bill for the establishment of the National Sports Commission may not have been passed into law since 2007 after rigorous debates and public hearings. If there is an act of the National Assembly on Sports, it raises the momentum of Sports activities at the National level. It details out roles and responsibilities of Government Sports Agencies and infact specify the role of Government in Sports development. It will also energize and give teeth to the implementation of Sports polices. As many of these enabling instruments remain hanging you can begin to appreciate why sports is the way it is in the land. At the State and Local Council levels, Sports is largely tied to the onset of the national Sports festival. Developmental sports programmes are anaemic. A strong developmental sports framework is the bedrock of sports prowess at the national and in turn international levels. To worsen matters, some of the athletes who trickle to national sports federations are not usually prepared effectively by the federations to represent Nigeria due to budgetary constraints. Infact, many sports federations are unable to effectively represent Nigeria in international competitions. Boxing Federation had to reduce selected boxers to three for a Milan-based competition, recently. Our story therefore, is lack of functional and effective linkage between the bottom layer of sports activities and the top and the incapacitation of federations to run their programmes and effectively participate in high profile competitions. Yet, we will be required to take national contingents to big time tournaments and championships. Unlike other counties of the world where Sports has taken its rightful place, educational institutions in Nigeria are known to be lukewarm about Sports from primary to tertiary levels. These institutions which constitute the source of socio-cultural development of Youths have not been able to be an effective source of supply of skilled athletes for Nigeria. The chronic severance of Educational Institutions from the Sporting grid of Nigeria is a major setback for the actualization of our desired Sports performance standard at the World Stage. There are many Usain Bolts in our educational system waiting to be discovered and nurtured. This is possible with the teaching of physical education and sports through a Sports designed curriculum and competitive sports programmes. It also means that basic sports facilities must be provided in Primary and Secondary Schools. It further means that Universities and other higher institutions must shape up to develop athletes emerging from the lower levels of schooling. This is not happening to any meaningful extent at the moment. This illustration of the impotence of educational institutions is a poor link in the production chain of competent athletes in Nigeria. It has often been argued that Governments do not have enough capacity in terms of resources to develop sports. A quick reference is made to funding. I believe that the Governments at all levels, first of all must demonstrate absolute will power to develop Sports. I am personally not so sure if this is happening in Nigeria. But if Nigeria is going to show to the World in future that it has become a member of the Club of twenty richest nations, sports remains a potent factor. Korea and China have hosted the Olympic Games when they did, partly to show the World their new status in the comity of nations, using sports as instrument. Conversely the continuing poor performance of our athletes, in Global Sports events, believe it or not, tells our story beyond the sports field. A prosperous nation is also s sporting nation. Don’t you think so? If our athletes prove their mettle on the global stage, it says something about Nigeria, beyond the shining medals with which they are decorated. It says something about our competitiveness, good governance and productivity of our nation. The benefits of superior athleticism to a nation are inestimable. The private sector institutions must rise up and make their impact felt. I have heard of the worn-out argument about lack of trust. They often say, they are not sure of proper utilization of inputs if and when given. Government has now provided tax incentives for companies who support sports. This can be helpful. Most big companies only want to do football. This is not right. Companies can adopt athletes, boxers etc and develop them. They can build sports infrastructure in schools and Local Council areas in the same way that they build philanthropic social amenities. A company like Glo, MTN or Shell or even a Bank can volunteer to help Nigeria win an Olympic gold Medal in a particular Sport and partner with respective federations to achieve this goal. It is the duty of the media to continue to set the agenda and help Nigerian sports find its bearing through its informative, educative and watchdog roles.